Full form of PMMY

Full form of PMMY is Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana

Many people, whose employment has been affected due to the lockdown imposed to break the chain of Corona virus. As factories/business were closed, many people have to leave and return to their homes. If you are also one of these and want to start your own business from home after lockdown, then the Prime Minister's Mudra Yojana (PMMY) of the government can help you. Under this scheme, the government gives loans to start a business at low rates. This loan can be from 50 thousand to 10 lakh rupees under different 3 categories. Another special thing is that under this scheme, the government has also prepared a project report for some businesses. On the basis of which you can estimate the expenses and profits coming in the business. 

Who can avail loan under PMMY:

Any resident of India, who wants to start his business, want to expand the current business and need money for that, can take a loan under PMMY. You can apply for a loan of up to 10 lakh rupees under the Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana. This scheme started on 8^th  April 2015.

Types of loans:

1. Under this scheme, three types of loan are available.
2. Shishu Loans: Loans up to Rs 50,000 are given under Shishu Loans.
3. Kishore Loans: Loans ranging from Rs. 50,000 to 5 lakh are given under Kishore Loan.
4. Tarun Loans: Loans ranging from 5 lakh to 10 lakh are given under Tarun loan. 

Interest rates:

Rates of interest may vary from bank to bank under Pradhan Mantri Mudra Yojana. Different banks may charge different interest rates for Mudra loans. The interest rate also depends on the nature of the business of the borrower and the risk involved. Generally, the minimum interest rate is 12 percent. 

How can I take a PMMY loan:

For taking loan under PMMY, you have to apply to the government or bank branch. To start your own business, you have to provide the ownership or rental documents, work related information, Aadhaar, PAN number and many other documents.  The form can also be downloaded online. 

Step to step information:

Download the loan application form from the website https://www.mudra.org.in/. The form for Shishu loan is different, while the form is same for Tarun and Kishore loan. Fill all the details in the loan application form. Provide the information of the correct mobile number, Aadhaar number, name, address etc. If  you want to start a business, please provide information. Applicants falling under OBC, SC / ST categories will have to provide caste certificate & 2 passport photos. After filling the form, go to any public or private bank and complete all the procedures. Submit all the documents. The bank takes all  information about your business. On that basis, bank approves the loan under PMMY. 

Required documents:

1.       Identity Certificate
2. .      Residencial Proof
3. .      Machinery, etc. Information
4. .      Passport Size Photo
5. .      Business Certificate
6. .      Address Proof of Address

Type of business:

1. .      Companies in the Self-Proprietorship
2. .      Partnership
3. .      Service Sector
4. .      Micro Industry
5. .      Repair Shops
6. .      Trucks Owners
7. .      Food Dealers (Fruits and Vegetables)
8. .      Micro Manufacturing Firms

 

Full form of NPS

Full Form of NPS is National Pension System

The National Pension System (NPS) is a pension-cum-investment scheme launched by the Government of India on 1st January 2004 to provide growth protection to the citizens of India. The scheme is regulated by the Pension Fund Regulatory and Development Authority (PFRDA). The National Pension System Trust (NPS Trust) established by PFRDA maintains accounts of all account holders under NPS.

This scheme is mandatory for all government employees starting job on or after 1st January 2004. After the year 2009, the scheme was also opened to the people working in the private sector. Private sector artisans can join this scheme on their own free will. There is no compulsion on it. Employees can withdraw a part of the NPS after retirement and from the remaining amount can take an annuity for regular income.

Just as it is necessary for the employees working in the private sector to have an account in EPF (Employees Provident Fund) , similarly it is mandatory for all government employees to join NPS in the National Pension System scheme. 

Conditions for joining NPS:

§  The person should be an Indian citizen

§  His age should be between 18 and 60 years

§  He should be a Central government employees or

§  State Government employees or

§  Corporate sector employee or

§  Unorganized sector employees or

§  any other person

§  An NRI can also open an NPS account. His account will be closed when his citizenship changes.

How to open account in NPS scheme?

You can open your account with the help of your employer (employer).

§  You can open your NPS account by visiting your nearest bank branch

§  You can also open your NPS account online through many broker websites.

Important documents for opening an account in NPS:

§  Address proof.

§  Identity proof.

§  Birth certificate (any other document which can be used as an age proof)

§  Subscriber Registration Form

Types of NPS Accounts:

There are two types of accounts in NPS -> NPS Tier 1 and NPS Tier 2

NPS Tier 1: This account is compulsory for everyone. Whatever amount is deposited in this account cannot be withdrawn (before time) till retirement. You can withdraw its amount when you opt out of the scheme.

NPS Tier 2: Any Tier 1 account holder can open this account and can deposit money in it as per their own wish and similarly withdraw it too. This account is not mandatory for everyone. It totally depends on your wish.

Benefits of NPS scheme:

Flexiblility - The National Pension System provides a variation of investment options and the selection of a pension fund (PF) to plan for the development of investments in a proper way and monitor the development of pension funds. The subscriber can move from one investment option to another or from one fund manager to another.

Simplicity - An account opened with the National Pension System provides a Permanent Retirement Account Number (PRAN), which is a unique number and stays with the subscriber during his lifetime. The plan is structured in two levels:

Tier-I account:  This is a non-withdrawal permanent retirement account in which regular contributions are credited by the subscriber and invested according to the chosen portfolio / fund manager of the subscriber.

Tier-II Account:  This is a voluntary withdrawal account that is approved only when the Tier-I account is activated in the name of the subscriber. Withdrawals from this account are allowed according to the need of the subscriber.

Portability - The National Pension System provides smooth portability in jobs and places. It provides hassle free arrangements for every subscriber at the time of transfer to a new job / place of the subscriber without leaving the fund creation, as in various pension schemes in India.

Well regulated - The National Pension System is regulated by the Authority with transparent investment rules, regular monitoring and review of the performance of fund managers by the National Pension System Trust. Account maintenance costs under the National Pension System are among the lowest compared to similar pension products worldwide. However, when saving for a long-term goal such as retirement, the cost matters a lot because the charges are high, which can deduct a significant amount from the fund over a period of 35–40 years and above.

Double benefits of lower costs and compounding power - Until retirement, pension wealth accumulation increases over a period of time with a compounding effect. As the account maintenance fee is low, the benefits of accumulated pension money are large for the subscribers.

Ease of use - National Pension System account is manageable online. National Pension System account can be opened through e-NPS portal. In addition, contributions can be made online through the e-NPS portal.

Online -Once a PRAN account is opened, the online login ID and password are given to the subscribers. Subscribers can login and manage their National Pension System account online with one click.

Can I open more than one NPS account?

One can open one account in NPS and another account in Atal Pension Yojana. But a person is not allowed to open multiple accounts under NPS. NPS account cannot be opened jointly (two people together). NPS account can only be opened in person and cannot be opened or operated jointly by or on behalf of HUF.

How NPS scheme works?

On successful enrollment under NPS, the nominee is allotted a Permanent Retirement Account Number (PRAN). On creation of a PRAN, an email alert is sent to the subscriber's registered email ID and mobile number as well as an SMS alert by the NSDL-CRA (Central Record Keeping Agency).

Subscribers make periodic and regular contributions to NPS during working life to deposit funds for retirement. Upon retirement or withdrawal from the scheme, the subscribers are provided with the condition that some part of the fund will be invested in the annuity to withdraw from the scheme or provide a monthly pension after retirement.

Full form of APY

Full form of APY is Atal Pension Yojana.

The Atal Pension Yojana (APY) was launched to provide life-long pension to labourers working in the unorganized sector. If you join this scheme, the central government will give you and your spouse minimum lifetime pension. Pension will be Rs 1,000, Rs 2,000, Rs 3,000, Rs 4,000 or Rs 5,000 per month depending upon the contribution. Now, how much pension will be given, will depend on your contribution before attaining  60 years of age. This will be discussed in the later paragraphs. 
The amount of pension which you would be getting is directly propotional to the amount of returns that your contribution will fetch in the market. 
In case of death of the investor, their spouse will continue to get this pension. After the death of the spouse, whatever amount will be lying in your pension fund till the age of 60 years will be given to the registered nominee. 

The benefits of Atal Pension Yojana  can be summarized as follows:

1. Investor (subscriber) gets pension. (From the age of 60 till death)
2. After the death of the investor, the spouse continues to avail the pension.
3. After the death of the spouse, the amount deposited (which was deposited till the age of 60 years) is given to the nominee.

If the investor's spouse dies before the investor, then the deposit amount (whichever was deposited by the investor up to the age of 60 years) will be given to the nominee after the death of the investor. 

Eligiblity for Atal Pension Yojana:

1. You must be an Indian citizen.
2. Minimum Entry Age  : 18 years
3. Maximum entry age  : 40 years
4.You must have atleast one savings account with any bank or Post  office.
5. You can open only 1 Atal Pension Yojana account.

It does not matter whether your provident fund account (EPF, PPF, GPF etc.) or NPS account is already there. You can still open an Atal Pension Yojana account. This scheme extends to even the Government employees. 

How to open Atal Pension Yojana Account?
You can go to your nearest Post office or bank branch and apply for this scheme.  

How will you contribute to the Atal Pension Yojana?
You can contribute in monthly, quarterly or half-yearly installments. Installments will be auto-debited from your bank account. 
If there is not enough money in your bank account, then the amount of contribution will be deducted from your account along with the next month's installment. You will also have to pay a small penalty for the same. The penalty will be Rs. 1 per Rs. 100 installment.

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What if the investor dies before 60 years in the Atal Pension Yojana? 
In the event of the death of the investor before the age of 60, the subscriber's spouse will be given an option to contribute to the customer's account.  Such an account will be maintained in the name of the spouse. The spouse can contribute to the pension account for the remaining period (until the original investor would have reached 60 years of age). 
It is an interesting fact that account maturity still depends on the age of the original investor and not on the age of the spouse. If the investor is 55 years old and dies, assuming wife's age is 50 years, in such a situation, the account will have to be run only for 5 years and not 10 years. 
By doing so, the wife will receive a lifetime pension. After the death of the wife, the entire pension amount (according to the time of maturity) will be given to the nominee.

If the wife (or husband) chooses not to continue the account, the accumulated wealth will be passed on to the spouse. 
If the customer is unmarried or the spouse is not alive, the deposit will be given to the nominee.

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What if the investor (subscriber) in the Atal Pension Yojana dies after the age of 60?  
After the investor's death , their spouse will continue to get the pension amount. After that when the spouse dies, the deposit amount (your pension corpus at the age of 60) will be given to your nominee. If the spouse has passed away before the investor (and then the investor dies), the pension corpus (your pension corpus at the age of 60) will be passed on to the nominee. 

Can Atal Pension Yojana account be closed voluntarily before the age of 60? How to close Atal Pension Yojana account? (Voluntary Exit From APY) 
Atal Pension Yojana account can be closed for the treatment of any serious illness or in case of death of the investor before the age of 60 years. 
 

Full form of WFH

Full form of WFH is Work from Home.

Work from home is not a new thing. Before industrial revolution, different type of works in manufacturing sector were being done at home as there were no factories where it could be done centrally. After industrial development, working at a common location, having all sorts of facilities, started which resulted in a more productivity and hence it became popular around the globe.

Before spread of coronavirus also, work from home was being done by some organisation of private sector for few days in a month to get the employees familiar with this if situation demanded in case of emergent situation. But after months long lockdown due to coronavirus, most companies/organisations ordered their employees to work from home to avoid gathering in office. Even government departments in India also ordered certain employees to work from home.

Employees are saving on costly city-centre lunch breaks, and employers are cutting costs on office supplies. So far so good, but as per a new Microsoft study, telecommuting might be hindering workers' creativity, getting in the way of innovative new ideas that businesses desperately need to succeed.

The survey of 9,000 managers and employees across 15 European markets, and it starts with some good news. When pandemic started, many companies worried that remote working would be detrimental to productivity, the opposite trend has emerged: an overwhelming 82% of senior executives reported that their productivity levels is either steadily or increased as a result of telecommuting.

A global survey found that 52 per cent employees and 64 per cent C-suite executives interviewed in India prefer to continue with the new ways of doing business or work.

The survey was conducted during September 1-10 among 900 C-suite executives and 8,100 office professionals from companies of 500 or more employees in countries including the US, the UK, France, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, India, Japan, Singapore, Australia, and New Zealand.

In India, The Work Survey was conducted among 100 C-suite leaders and 1,000 employees from various industries, including manufacturing, healthcare, financial services, telecommunications and public sector.

Further, the survey showed that in India, this is strongly appreciated. Both executives (69 per cent) and employees (55 per cent) interviewed acknowledge the need for further investment as the top priority for organisations seeking to leverage any pandemic-induced cost savings.

There is likely to be funds for this purpose, with 91 per cent of India's executives interviewed agreeing that cost savings will be derived by changes to company operations, brought on by COVID-19, it added.

Switch to remote working caused by the global pandemic has certainly come with a set of challenges for employees, who found themselves engaging with day-to-day work in settings ranging from unconventional to uncomfortable.

Positive side of work from home for employees is that they are giving more time to their family which of course resulted in a strengthening of relationship with their family members. At the same time, they have flexible working hours which is also they enjoy most as they can plan their office work in a better way.

Negative side of work from home is that in a situation where they require assistance from colleague & seniors, sometimes work is being delayed as they have to depend upon the telecommunication system too much whereas in office assistance can be given to an employee instantly.

Full Form of GST

Full Form of GST is Goods and Services Tax 

After COVID 19 pandemic, GST collection has been adversely affected which has resulted dispute over payment of state GST share.

The Union government’s decision to borrow Rs 1.10 lakh crores and end the dispute over the payment of compensation to state governments for the shortfall in the collection of Goods and Services Tax (GST) is welcome. The borrowing will be effected under a special window and the money will be passed to the states as back-to-back loans and will not impact the fiscal deficit targets of either government. The Centre will service the loan and then repay it from the GST compensation cess, which will be extended beyond the scheduled term of 2022. Earlier GST Council was unable to find a way out of the dispute on how to bridge the estimated shortfall of Rs 2.35 lakh crores in the GST collection for this fiscal. The Centre had suggested that the states will borrow Rs 1.10 lakh crores, which it said was the share of the shortfall due to the implementation of the unified tax system, though it was mandated to bridge it as per the GST (Compensation to States) Act 2017. Union finance minister Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman’s attempt to wash her hands off it, blaming it as an “act of God” did not help the matter either. Dissenting states including Chhattisgarh and Kerala, have made it clear they are in no mood to relent. They want the Centre to borrow the entire Rs 2.35 trillion this fiscal citing bleak fiscal position. Opposition MPs demand that GST dues to states be cleared, in their protest during the monsoon session of Parliament on September 17, 2020. Controversy around the goods and services tax (GST) compensation payment to states has refused to die down. A day after the Centre changed its stance and agreed to borrow Rs 1.1 trillion and lend to states in lieu of the promised compensation payment, dissenting states including Chhattisgarh and Kerala have made it clear they are in no mood to relent. They want the Centre to borrow the entire Rs 2.35 trillion this fiscal citing bleak fiscal position. While Chhattisgarh Finance Minister T S Singh Deo told Business Standard there should not be a bargain on the issue by the Centre, Kerala Finance Minister Thomas Isaac argued that the matter on how much of compensation was to be deferred to 2023 was not resolved. Chief ministers of Congress-ruled states met to discuss the way forward on the GST issue. Former finance minister P Chidambaram tweeted on Friday that while he welcomed the change of heart (of the Centre), there was no clarity on who will borrow the Rs 1.06 trillion and how the debt will be serviced and repaid. Meanwhile, Union Finance Minister Smt. Nirmala Sitharaman wrote to states, pointing out that they will get unconditional access to resources worth Rs 2.16 trillion in the current fiscal under Option 1, which is about 90 per cent of the total estimated GST revenue shortfall of Rs 2.35 trillion. With states eligible to borrow an additional 0.5 per cent of gross state domestic product unconditionally under this proposal amounting to Rs 1.06 trillion and Rs 1.1 trillion borrowing under the ‘special window’, Sitharaman pointed out that it will more than cover the funds that they would have received in FY21 if the total compensation were paid in full. Under this option, the entire principal and the interest on Rs 1.1 trillion, will be repaid via compensation cess collection, which has now been extended beyond June 2022. However, states demanded that the remaining sum of Rs 1.06 trillion should also be borrowed by the Centre and the interest and principal on that should be covered by the compensation cess. They argued that his amount should also not reflect under the states’ debt like in the case of Rs 1.1 trillion. Sitharaman highlighted in the letter that the central government is facing serious budgetary constraints and the central fiscal deficit this year will be far in excess of what was budgeted. Chidambaram, in his tweet, said, ‘’States are opposed to borrowing on their own account. States are right. Centre must resolve the impasse immediately is no difference between the first amount and the second amount. Centre must resolve the impasse immediately by offering the same terms for Rs 1.06 trillion as it has now offered for Rs 1.1 trillion.” Chhattisgarh FM Deo said, “Either it is a constitutional position that the Centre should accept with full grace and responsibility and compensate states for the entire shortfall or say that they don’t agree with the Constitution.” Isaac said, ‘’Negotiate  on this point and come to a consensus. Provide full compensation payment of Rs 2.3 lakh crore this year. Since under the new arrangement additional borrowing does not affect the fiscal deficit of the Centre, why should it hesitate to borrow the full amount,” he argued. The Union finance ministry had on Thursday said the entire Rs 1.1 trillion estimated shortfall arising on account of GST implementation (excluding Covid losses) would be borrowed by the Government of India in appropriate tranches and would be passed on to the states as a back-to-back loan in lieu of GST compensation cess releases. It will avoid differential rates of interest that individual states may be charged for their respective state development loans and will be an administratively easier arrangement, it pointed out. The offer came three days after the second part of the 42nd GST Council meeting remained inconclusive even as the Centre operationalised borrowing for 21 states that picked Option 1. Kerala had threatened legal action against the Centre after the GST meeting. Official sources pointed out that Reserve Bank of India had urged the Centre against borrowing by states as it would have been impossible to provide loans at a uniform rate to all states. 

Full Form of GDP

Full form of GDP  is  Gross Domestic Product.

After COVID19, in the year 2020, the most discussed thing was GDP. 

As soon as lock down extended for more than 2 months, everyone predicted that it is going to affect economy a lot. Even those people who have zero knowledge about GDP, GNP and National income also predicted the same thing and everything happened just because of "Act of God'. So what did happen actually? Basically NSO released Q1 report of 2020-21 which showed GDP growth of our country as -23.9%.

Now the question is what is GDP?

It is Gross Domestic Product, which indicates the economic growth and economic health of a country.

Why the growth is in negative and how is it calculated?

Before the year 1996, this was calculated on yearly basis but after that we started calculating it on the quarter basis where we basically compare the present quarter's GDP with last year's quarter which means the growth from last quarter has decreased by 23.9%. There is no hope for positive growth which means that in the upcoming quarters also, the growth is going to be in negative as well and will range from -15 to -10%. It is being assumed that the next year's GDP can show positive growth rate for our economy which is very obvious, because next year's GDP will be compared with this year's and it will definitely show positive growth. 

It is not only our country which is facing economical slowdown. There are so many other developing and developed countries as well which are facing the same situation. For example United Kingdom being a developed nation faced a negative growth of 21.7%. There are even countries who also had positive growth. These are the one whose apps we have banned recently.

Lets see how to calculate GDP.

There are some sectors in our economy who contributes towards growth of our economy. For example, consumption, investments, government expenditure and net export. When these sectors show sign of growth, GDP grows, but every sector do not contribute equally. For example, in last year's GDP private consumption contributed around 54.4%, private investments contributed 32%, Government expenditure. contributed 11% and net export of our country always shows negative result because we export less and import more. But this year this number is in positive figure which is again not so good for our economy because it shows that we have demanded less product and it will ultimately shrink our economy.

What will be the after effect of these numbers?

GDP of our country is the lowest in the last 40 years, this will increase in unemployment rates which is again highest of last 45 years. When unemployment increases, it not only comes with financial effects but also comes with social effects as well. One of them is increase in suicide rates.
Increase in suicide is more dangerous for our country, because financial pressure creates highest number of suicides in our country and it occurs mostly in the age group between 15-29 years, which is working population of our country and also they contribute more in our economy. So this has macro effects on country and micro effects on a single household. The fall in the growth rate was already predicted by the RBI and other economist as well, but their prediction was up to 15 to 20%.

If we talk about solutions, then consumers will have to increase the demand and investors will have to invest to create the money flow in the market. To make people demand, the goods, money is the foremost requirement. Some people don't have enough money to demand, for example, migrant workers, and the ones who are in a mood of saving the money because they have no more trust in the current government.

Three solutions  which can boost our economy as suggested by Former Prime Minister Dr. Manmohan Singh in his interview given to BBC news through Mail is as follows:

1. Provide financial assistance to people so that they can demand.

2. Give credit support to private investors.

3. Increase RBI intervention in economy.

At the end I would like to conclude this topic by saying that we have 2nd largest population in the world. Our youth is very capable and educated, so why not to use the youth population as asset instead of liability so that we can contribute a lot towards our country's economical growth and development.

 

Full Form of ISRO

Full form ISRO is Indian Space Research Organization. 

This is the space agency of Govt. of India having headquarters at Bengaluru. ISRO’s chief executive is Chairman, who is also Chairman of the Indian government’s Space Commission as well as the Secretary of the Department of Space.

ISRO’s first Satelite, Aryabhata, was launched by the Soviet Union on April 19, 1975. Rohini, the first satellite to be placed in orbit by an indian launch-vehicle (the Satellite Launch Vehicle 3), was launched on July 18, 1980. ISRO has launched many space systems, including the Indian National Satellite (INSAT) system for telecommunication, TV broadcasting, metrology, disaster warning and the Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellites for resource monitoring and management. The first INSAT was launched in 1988, and the program expanded to include geosynchronous satellites called GSAT.

The first satellite Rohini to be placed in orbit by an indian launch-vehicle (the SLV 3), was launched on July 18, 1980.

 ISRO plans to introduce astronauts into space by 2021.

Full form of NASA

Full form of NASA 

The full form of NASA is National Aeronautics and Space Administration. It is an agency liable for the civil program and also for aeronautics and space sciences of the us federal . It was  founded by President Dwight D. Eisenhower on 1st October 1958 through the National Aeronautics and Space Act.  It deals with developing peaceful space science technologies instead of military ones and is in charge of U.S. science and technology concerned with space exploration and aircraft.

NASA Vision: To get and expand knowledge for the advantage of humanity.

The headquarters of NASA is in Washington, and it has 10 NASA centers across the US . It also has 7 NASA workplaces for testing and studying Earth and space. NASA's work is often divided into four different types:- 

1. Aeronautics: It is liable for the event of advanced aviation technologies.  
2. Human Exploration and Operations: It deals with the management of manned space missions, international space platform also operations associated with launching services, space transportation, and space communications for both manned and robotic exploration programs.
3. Science: It deals with the programs designed for understanding the origin, structure, evolution, and way forward for the world , the system , and therefore the universe.
4. Space Technology: It deals with the event of space science and exploration technologies.

 NASA has conducted both manned and unmanned space flight programs. Some of its famous space flight programs are as follows: 

I. Manned Space Programs: NASA's major manned program are as follows:

•  X-15 Rocket Plane: (1959-1968)
•  Project Mercury: (1959-1963) 
•  Project Gemini: (1961-1966)
•  Project Apollo: (1961-1972): Apollo was one among the expensive NASA scientific  program ever. It cost $20 billion approx. in 1960. At present , its estimated value is nearly $205 billion. The first Moon landing manned spacecraft was Apollo 11 mission in July 1969.  Neil Armstrong was the first person who landed on the moon.
• Skylab: (1965-1979) 
• Space Shuttle Program: (1972-2011) etc.

 II. Unmanned Space Programs: There are over 1000 unmanned missions of NASA to explore the world and other planets within the system . Furthermore, NASA also launches communication satellites for the welfare of human society. Some of the important unmanned space programs are listed below: 

• Explorer 1: the primary US unmanned satellite. 
• Viking 1: the first successful landing on Mars in 1976.
• Pioneer 10: First spacecraft to go to Jupiter 
• Pioneer 11: First spacecraft to go to Saturn
• Voyager 2: the primary spacecraft to go to Uranus and Neptune etc.

III. Events relating to NASA in the past, as well as its future projects:

• In 2009, 40 years after the first lunar landing, NASA launched a crewed mission back to the Moon. Astronauts completed the Neil A. Armstrong Lunar Outpost in 2012, after a 3 years construction period. The Outpost will permit crew flights to farther locations everywhere the solar system. 
• NASA astronauts landed on AO10 asteroid 1999, which was discovered recently, in 2015 successfully.
• There’s also a proposal for a crewed landing mission to be sent to Mars by 2020 or 2021.
• Un-crewed tasks include the Venus in Situ Explorer which can launch in 2022.
• A joint NASA / ESA Uranus Pathfinder probe to be launched in 2025 and therefore the Neptune Orbiter launched in 2016.

Full Form of NRC

Full form of NRC is National Register of Citizens

The National Register of Citizens (NRC) is a register containing authority of all genuine Indian citizens. At present, only Assam has such a register.  

This exercise may be extended to other states as well. Nagaland is already creating a similar database known as the Register of Indigenous Inhabitants. The Centre is planning to create a National Population Register (NPR), which contains a demographic and biometric detail of citizens. 

What is NRC in Assam? 

The NRC in Assam is basically a scroll of Indian civilians living in the state. The citizen’s register sets out to identify illegal inhabitants from Bangladesh and other nearby countries. 

The process to update the rosters began following a Supreme Court order in 2013, with the state’s nearly 33 million tribe owning to prove that they were Indian nationals prior to March 24, 1971.

The updated final NRC was released on August 31, 2019 with over 1.9 million applicants failing to make it to the list. 

How does one prove citizenship? 

In Assam, one of the basic criteria was that the names of applicant's family part should either be in the first NRC prepared in 1951 or in the electoral rolls up to March 24, 1971.  

Other than that, applicants also had the alternatives to present documents such as refugee registration certificate, birth certificate, LIC policy, world and tenancy records, citizenship certificate,  passport,  government issued licence or certificate, bank/post legislature accounts, permanent residential certificate, rule usage certificate, educational license and court records.